海南大学学报(社会科学版)

“大一统”思想是由“大一统”政治而产生的，“大一统”政治主要体现于“大一统”的国家形态结构，因此，我们考察“大一统”思想的由来与演进，必须从我国古代国家形态结构的演变历程着手。从秦汉到明清，“大一统”思想是建立在“郡县制”国家形态结构之上的。秦始皇统一六国后，历代王朝都把统一规模作为当时政治成就的最高目标。即使在分裂时期，在思想意识上仍旧是统一的，割据势力往往把自身说成是正统，把统一作为奋斗目标。从秦汉上溯到春秋战国，作为社会的转型期，其“大一统”思想，既有人们对于统一的理想，更因为有夏商西周三代王朝国家多元一体的复合制结构这一历史渊源。从三代再往前追溯，五帝时代在中原地区建有实力强大的“族邦联盟”。这样，从尧舜禹经三代再到秦汉，伴随着国家形态和结构的变化，先后产生了三种背景指向的“大一统”观念：即与尧舜禹时代“族邦联盟”机制相适应的带有“联盟一体”色彩的“天下一统”观念；与夏商西周“复合制王朝国家”相适应的“大一统”观念；与秦汉以后郡县制机制下中央集权帝制国家形态相适应的“大一统”思想观念。这就是中国“大一统”思想的由来和演进。

The thought of“great unity”originates in politics of“great unity”, and the latter is embodied in the form of“great unity”state. Exploring the origin and evolution of the thought of“great unity”should primarily consider the evolution of forms of state in ancient China. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, this thought was established on the state form of prefectures and counties. Since Emperor Qin Shihuang unified ancient China, the pursuit of unity had been the highest political goal among the successive dynasties. There still existed the ideological unity even during the periods of fragmentation. The fragmented powers all claimed to be the orthodox, striving for the reunification. Stretching back to the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, the thought of“great unity”during the social transformation, embodies both the ideal of people's quest for unification and the historically complex system of multilateral unity in the kingdoms during the Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties. Further back in the epoch of Five Emperors, there established the powerful“nation-state alliance”in Central Plains. Therefore, there appeared three types of the“great unity”concept with historical backgrounds as the forms and systems of state changed from the epoch of Emperors Yao, Shun and Yu to the Qin and Han Dynasties. The initial one is the idea of“All-under-Heaven unification”with the characteristics of“allied unity”, which adapts to the“nation-state alliance”mechanism in the epoch of Emperors Yao, Shun and Yu. A further type is the idea of“great unity”that matches the dynasty state of complex system during the Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties. And the final one is the ideology of“great unity”that adapts to the centralized feudal state under the mechanism of prefecturecountry system. All in all, these demonstrate the origin and evolution of the thought of“great unity”in China.