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现实主义视角下国际社会的"冲突"是必然的过程但最终将回归"稳定"的结果,造成"稳定"结果的关键是国际规则的规范。长期而言,南海争端和平解决的途径仍将回归南海法律治理机制。南海法律治理机制的框架可区分为"全球法律治理机制"及"区域论坛机制"。"全球法律治理机制"的困境在于1982《联合国海洋法公约》及IMO所制定的法律文件因无法凌驾单一国家的主权问题而缺乏"强制力"或是"监管机制"。相反的,"区域论坛机制"的《南海各方行为宣言》因具软法性质展现其对南海政治性问题解决的弹性。在南海问题解决上,中国以外交实力坚持南海各国回归《南海各方行为宣言》精神,推进《南海行为准则》磋商,就是从国际规则的参与者过渡到建构者身份的一个过程。未来《南海行为准则》法律效果若设计成趋近于"具有法律约束力的说明"既可维持中国在"区域论坛机制"外交权主导地位,同时也兼顾了南海争端小国达成具一定约束力的的南海行为规制的希望。
Abstract："Conflict"in the international society,in the view of realism,is a necessary process,and will return to a "stable"result finally,which mainly results from the norm of international regulation. In the long term,the approach to peaceful settlement of the South China Sea disputes will return to legal governance mechanism of the South China Sea,which takes "global legal governance mechanism"and "regional forum mechanism"as its framework. A dilemma for the former lies in the lack of "compulsion"and "supervision"resulting from the fact that The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea( UNCLOS) and the conventions stipulated by IMO face the sovereignty problem of single country. On the contrary,Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea( DOC) as a regional forum mechanism shows its flexibility in settling the political issues owing to its nature of soft law. In terms of the settlement of South China Sea issue,China insists with its diplomacy power that the coastal countries abide by the spirit of DOC,and promotes the negotiation of The Code of Conduct in the South China Sea( COC),during which China will transform to a constructor from a participator of international regulation. If the legal effect of COC is designed with the tendency of "legally binding instrument"in the future,China's dominant status can be maintained in the diplomacy power of "regional forum mechanism",and meantime there will be the prospect for the small countries involved in the South China Sea disputes to reach the binding regulation of conduct.
(1)Kenneth N.Waltz,“Man,the State and War:A theoretical Analysis”,New York:Columbia University Press,1959,pp.125-158.
(2)James Dougherty and Robert Pfaltzgraf,f“Contending Theories of International Relations”,New York:Longman,2001,p.189;Peter Wallensteen,“Understanding Conflict Resolution”,London:Sage Publications,2007,pp.13-15.
(3)有关南海争端和平解决路径的选择,国内类似观点可参阅:江河,郑实:《南海争端和平解决的路径冲突及其化解---以国家主权的双重属性为框架》,《政法论丛》2017年第5期,第22-29页。
(1)Alexander Wend,t“The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theories”,International Organizations,Vol.41,No.3,1987,pp.335-370.
(2)Ray Tsung-Han Tai,Nathaniel S.Pearre&Shih-Ming Kao,“Analysis and Potential Alternatives for the Disputed South China Sea from Ocean Governance in the Polar Regions”,Coastal Management,Vol.43,Issue 6,December 2015,p.611.
(3)UNCLOS,“Bluebird Marine System”,available at http:∥www.bluebird-electric.net/oceanography/Ocean_Plastic_International_Rescue/United_Nations_Convention_On_The_Law_Of_The_Sea_UNCLOS.htm,last visited on January 18,2018.
(4)Jon M.Van Dye,“Regional Cooperation in the South China Sea and Arctic Ocean”,in Gordon Houlden&Hong Nong edited,“Maritime Security Issues in the South China Sea and the Arctic:Sharpened Competition or Collaboration?”China:China Democracy and Legal System Publishing House,2012,p.part IV.
(5)中国(1996年6月7日批准)、越南(1994年7月25日批准)、菲律宾(1984年5月8日批准)、马来西亚(1996年10月14日批准)、文莱(1996年11月5日批准)都已批准《公约》。“Current Status of the Convention,”available at UN,http:∥www.un.org/Depts/los/reference_files/status2010.pdf,last visited on January 18,2018.
(1)“Member States,IGOs and NGOs”,IMO,available at http:∥www.imo.org/en/About/Membership/Pages/Default.aspx,last visited on January 18,2018.
(2)相关公约及议定书名称可参阅:“Tiles of Conventions,”available at IMO,http:∥www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListO fC onventions/Documents/Convention%20titles%202016.pdf,last visited on January 18,2018.
(3)IMO C.116/6,“IMO MEMBER STATE AUDIT SCHEME:Progress report on the implementation of the Audit Scheme”,May 9,2016,pp.4,6.
(1)落实《宣言》高官会议及2005年开始展开每年至少两次的“联合工作组会议”(ASEAN-China Joint Working Group on the Implementation of DOC,JWG on DOC),为目前中国与周边国家在南海争端事务中,唯一签署且承认的官方协商途径。Masahiro Miyosh,i“China’s“U-Shaped Line”Claim in the South China Sea:Any Validity under International Law?”Ocean Development&International Law,Vol.23,No.35,2012,pp.10-11.
(2)“Republic of Philippine v.People’s Republic of China Case:Award on Jurisdiction and Admissibility”(29 October 2015),para.217,p.84,available at PCA,http:∥www.pcacases.com/web/send Attach/1506,last visited on January 18,2018.
(1)“Tenth Senior Officials Meeting On the Implementation of the Declaration On the Conduct of the Parties In the South China Sea Held in Chengdu”(October 20,2015),available at Ministry of Foreign Affairs of PROC,http:∥www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjbxw/t1307573.shtml,last visited on January 18,2018.
(2)中华人民共和国外交部:《落实〈南海各方行为宣言〉第13次高官会在中国满洲里举行》(2016年8月16日发布),http:∥www.mfa.gov.cn/nanhai/chn/wjbxw/t1389417.htm,2018年1月18日访问。
(3)张艳如:《王毅:南海行为准则框架第一份草案已形成》(2017年3月8日发布),http:∥news.cyol.com/content/2017-03/08/content_15722172.htm,2018年1月18日访问。
(4)中华人民共和国外交部:《王毅:中国-东盟战略伙伴关系迈入全面发展新阶段》(2017年8月6日发布),http:∥www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/wjbzhd/t1482778.shtml,2018年1月18日访问。
(5)中华人民共和国中央人民政府:《李克强在第20次中国-东盟领导人会议上的讲话》(2017年11月13日发布),http:∥www.gov.cn/guowuyuan/2017-11/14/content_5239455.htm,2018年1月18日访问。
(6)杨泽伟:《仲裁后南海共同开发:机遇、挑战及中国的选择》,《海南大学学报》(人文社会科学版)2017年第6期,第1-2页。
(7)例如《鱼种执行协议》第三部分“关于跨界鱼类种群和高度洄游鱼类种群的国际合作机制”中的第九条规范“分区域和区域渔业管理组织和安排”、第10条规范“分区域和区域渔业管理组织和安排的职能”、第11条规范“新成员参与方”、第12条规范“分区域和区域渔业管理组织和安排的活动的透明度”、第13条规范“加强现有的组织和安排”,都是针对权责或适当国际组织的职能安排与运作有较详细规范。另外《第十一部分深海采矿执行协议》附件中也规范“国际海底管理局”(International Seabed Authority)的“缔约国的费用和体制安排”、运作、决策与技术转移等细项规范。
(8)T.Koivurova and Erik J.Molenaar,“International Governance and Regulation of the Marine Arctic:Overview and Gap Analysis”,A Report Prepared for the WWF International Arctic Programme,January 2009,pp.6,36-37.
(1)请参阅1982年《联合国海洋法公约》第76条8款规定;另1982年《联合国海洋法公约》附件二规定,“大陆架界限委员会”应由地质学、地球物理学或水文学方面专家组成。
(2)Robert.W.Smith,“Maritime Delimitation in the South China Sea:Potentiality and Challenges”,Ocean Development&International Law,Vol.41,No.3,2010,p.224.
(3)戴宗翰,姚仕帆:《析论太平岛法律地位对南海仲裁案之影响》,《国际法研究》2016年第4期,第3-4页。
(4)“Position Paper of the Government of the People’s Republic of China on the Matter of Jurisdiction in the South China Sea Arbitration Initiated by the Republic of the Philippines”(7 December 2014),available at The State Council,People’s Republic of China,http:∥english.gov.cn/archive/press_briefing/2014/12/07/content_281475020441708.htm,last visited on January 18,2018.
(1)Kao,S.-M.,N.Pearre,and J.Firestone,“Regional Cooperation in the South China Sea:Analysis of Existing Practices and Prospects”,Ocean Development&International Law,Vol.43,No.3,2012,p.285.
(2)王晓易:《王毅:南海行为准则速成论不现实》(2013年8月6日发布),http:∥money.163.com/13/0806/06/95IUTFQ600253B0H.html,2018年1月18日访问。
(1)“Declaration on the Establishment of the Arctic Council”(19 September 1996),available at Arctic Portal Library,http:∥library.arcticportal.org/1270/,last visited on January 18,2018.
(2)“Arctic Council Nuuk Ministerial Meeting:New Arctic Council Agreement will Improve Rescue Efforts in the Arctic,Arctic Council”,available at http:∥arctic-council.npolar.no/accms/export/sites/default/en/meetings/2011-nuuk-ministerial/docs/Press_Release_-_Arctic_Council_Nuuk_Ministerial_Meeting.pdf,last visited on January 18,2018.
(3)Daniel Patrick O’Cornel,l“International Law”,London:Stevens&Sons,1970,pp.199-120.
(4)Ray Tsung-Han Tai,Nathaniel S.Pearre&Shih-Ming Kao,“Analysis and Potential Alternatives for the Disputed South China Sea from Ocean Governance in the Polar Regions,”Coastal Management,Vol.43,Issue 6,December 2015,p.614.
(1)《北极搜救协议》缔约国在执行上的沟通仅通过“区域合作中心”作为实施与沟通的基础。《北极搜救协定》全文可参见“Agreement on Cooperation Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic,”available at Arctic Portal Library,http:∥library.arcticportal.org/1874/1/Arctic_SAR_Agreement_EN_FINAL_for_signature_21-Apr-2011%20(1).pdf,last visited on January 18,2018.
基本信息:
DOI：10.15886/j.cnki.hnus.2018.02.005
中图分类号:D993.5
引用信息:
[1]戴宗翰.南海争端和平解决的途径:法律治理机制的现况、困境与未来分析视角[J].海南大学学报(人文社会科学版),2018,36(02):30-39.DOI:10.15886/j.cnki.hnus.2018.02.005.
基金信息:
国家社会科学基金重大项目(17ZDA146)